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ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status， serotype distribution and drug resistance of Salmonella in retail poultry in Jiading District， Shanghai. MethodsFour types of poultry （chicken， duck， goose and pigeon） have been sampled from commercial markets. Salmonella contamination has been isolated and identified using serotype analysis. Furthermore， resistance of isolated Salmonella strains towards 16 commonly used antibiotics has been determined. ResultsA total of 60 Salmonella strains were isolated from 80 poultry samples. The detection rates of Salmonella in pigeon， goose， duck and chicken were 86.67%， 81.82%， 72.73% and 59.38%， respectively. Contamination status has been categorized by storage conditions. Lowest detection rate （65.63%） has been noted in poultry samples under refrigeration storage. The majority serotypes of Salmonella have been revealed as Salmonella typhimurium， Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella corvallis. Relatively higher drug resistance was discovered with tetracycline， nalidixic acid， ampicillin and chloramphenicol， with drug resistance rate of 60.00%， 58.33%， 50.00% and 48.33%， respectively. Low drug resistance was revealed with cefotaxime. In addition， these Salmonella strains were completely sensitive to imipenem. Significant difference in drug resistance was identified across the types of poultry or Salmonella serotypes. The 11.67% of Salmonella strains were non-resistant to any tested drugs. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 46.67% of isolated strains， which were resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Ampicillin-tetracycline or chloramphenirol-cefazolin drug resistance pattern suggested that the Salmonella strain was multi-drug resistant. ConclusionSalmonella contamination remains high in retail poultry in Jiading District， Shanghai. Drug resistance to antibiotics is increasing. Therefore， monitoring and control of Salmonella should be strengthened.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status and drug resistance of Campylobacter spp. in poultry sold in Jiading District， Shanghai. MethodsFour types of poultry meats （chickens， ducks， geese and pigeons） were sampled from commercial markets， and potential Campylobacter spp. contamination was isolated and identified. Furthermore， resistance of isolated Campylobacter spp. to 15 commonly used antibiotics was tested. ResultsTotally 29 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 34 Campylobacter. coli were isolated from 236 commercial poultry samples. The most severe contamination of Campylobacter spp. was found in chicken samples， with a detection rate of 34.04%， while the lowest detection rate of Campylobacter spp. was found in duck （19.67%）. Contamination status was categorized with different storage conditions. The lowest detection rate of 6.67% was noted under frozen condition， while highest detection rate of 41.27% was noted under cold storage. Campylobacter jejuni was completely resistant to cefazolin， ciprofloxacin， nalidixic acid and tetracycline， and Campylobacter coli was completely resistant to cefazolin， cefoxitin and nalidixic acid； Campylobacter spp. showed the lowest resistance to imipenem. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 100.00% of the isolated strains. 96.83% of the strains were resistant to more than 5 drugs， with the highest number reaching 14 kinds of antibiotics. ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the contamination status and drug resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from four types of poultry meats sold in Jiading District， Shanghai， and the drug resistance is serious. It is strongly recommended that the use of antibiotics should be strictly controlled. Freezing can effectively reduce Campylobacter spp. pollution.
RESUMO
ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination situation， serotype distribution and drug resistance of salmonella in poultry sold in Jiading District， Shanghai. MethodsBetween 2019 and 2020， four types of poultry meat （chicken， duck， goose and pigeon） were sampled from markets， and potential salmonella contamination was isolated and identified via serotyping. Furthermore， resistance detection of isolated salmonella to 13 commonly-used antibiotics was conducted. ResultsA total of 32 salmonella strains were isolated from 156 commercial poultry samples. No salmonella was identified in pigeon samples， while the most severe contamination was detected in goose samples， with a detection rate of 28.00%. Contamination situation was categorized with different storage conditions. The lowest detection rate of 12.90% was noted under cold storage， while the highest rate of 26.67% was detected under frozen condition. The major serotypes of salmonella were Salmonella typhimurium， Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Argonne. Relatively higher drug resistance was detected with nalidixic acid and tetracycline， with drug resistance rate of 59.38% and 40.63%， respectively. Low drug resistance was detected with cephalosporins， and no drug resistance was detected with imipenem. Significant difference in drug resistance was noted in the serotype of Salmonella isolated from meat of chicken， duck and goose. Three major salmonella strains had different drug resistance. 21.88% （7/32） of salmonella strains were non-resistant to any tested drugs. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 31.25% （10/32） of the isolated strains. At most， salmonella was resistant to 11 kinds of different antibiotics. ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the contamination situation and drug resistance of Salmonella isolated from four types of poultry meat sold in Jiading District， Shanghai. It is strongly recommended that different supervision strategies and management upon classification be implemented.
RESUMO
Objective:To investigate the efficacy differences between domestic gefitinib and original gefitinib in the first-line treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitive mutation advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stage Ⅲ B and Ⅳ). Methods:A total of 91 cases with EGFR sensitive mutation advanced NSCLC in Dezhou People's Hospital of Shandong Province from January 2017 to July 2019 were selected and were randomly divided into the observation group (47 cases) and the control group (44 cases) according to random number table method. The observation group was given the treatment of domestic gefitinib, and the control group was given the treatment of original gefitinib, and then the treatment outcome, adverse reactions, survival status and the cost of two groups were compared.Results:The objective response rate in the observation group and the control group was 91.5% (43/47) and 84.1% (37/44), respectively; the disease control rate in the observation group and the control group was 100.0% (47/47) and 97.7% (43/44), respectively; and the differences were not statistically significant ( χ2 = 2.708, P = 0.224; χ2 = 1.080, P = 0.484). The median progression-free survival (PFS) time of domestic gefitinib group and original gefitinib group was 13.26 months (95% CI 11.34-14.66 months) and 13.19 months (95% CI 12.52-15.48 months), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.735). The subgroup analysis showed that the median PFS time of patients with an exon 19 deletion mutation in the observation group and the control group was 12.98 months (95% CI 11.25-14.75 months) and 13.89 months (95% CI 12.04-15.96 months), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.604). The median PFS time of patients with an exon 21 L858R missense mutation in the observation group and the control group was 15.08 months (95% CI 11.79-18.21 months) and 11.94 months (95% CI 9.20-14.79 months), and the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.114). There was no statistically difference in the incidence of adverse reactions including skin rash, diarrhea, interstitial pneumonia, oral mucositis, nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, abnormal aminotransferase of the two groups of patients (all P > 0.05). The treatment cost in the observation group and the control group during the treatment period was (2 118.43±137.93) yuan per month and (5 945.48±247.48) yuan per month, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( t = 12.854, P = 0.001). Conclusions:Domestic gefitinib and original gefitinib have the same therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of EGFR sensitive mutation advanced NSCLC. The adverse reactions are similar between domestic gefitinib and original gefitinib. Compared with the original gefitinib, the drug economy of domestic gefitinib is better and it can significantly reduce the financial burden of patients, and it can be used as an important option in the first-line treatment of patients with EGFR sensitive mutation advanced NSCLC.